Colonialism never really came to an end; it only changed it's shape

A passbook. Africans were required to have a passbook to travel during the colonial era. [Olivia Murithi, Standard]

The doctrine of imperialism, essentially justification for external control of one people by another, manifests itself in many ways amongst them being varieties of colonialism.

These are classical/territorial colonialism, neo-colonialism, and postmodern colonialism. In Africa, classical colonialism was European political governance based on beliefs in racial superiority of the white people which required poverty creation as a tool of control and exploitation in the service of the empire.