The worst cases of secondary school unrest were recorded in 2016. The quality of national exams had been compromised by unscrupulous individuals who sold leaked national examination papers. This had to stop, and Education Cabinet Secretary at the time, Dr Fred Matiangi, introduced stringent measures that drove cartels in the ministry out of business. With their sources of income cut, the cartels sought to hit back at Matiangi by instigating violence within schools. More than 100 schools were burnt in just two months.