Why camels are replacing cows as Kenya battles drought

Samburu pastoralists inspect camels gathered for sale at a livestock market, where various animals including camels are traded, in Merille, on September 30, 2025. [AFP] "God, God, God, protect them," chanted two herders, their eyes following a dozen camels rushing toward acacia trees, oblivious to the dry riverbed in northern Kenya where it hasn't rained since April. Sitting on the edge of a nearby well, Chapan Lolpusike recounted how his cows and oxen "all died" following the worst drought in four decades, caused by a succession of poor rainfall in 2021 and 2022. After that, the herder made a sweeping change. "We no longer have cattle at home. We only raise camels," said Lolpusike, a member of the semi-nomadic Samburu community. Camels can graze on dry grasses, go more than a week without water, and produce up to six times more milk than cattle -- making them an increasingly necessary option in northern Kenya, an area particularly vulnerable to climate change. Samburu county officials launched a camel programme in 2015 following several droughts that killed off at least 70 percent of the cattle in Kenya's arid and semi-arid regions. The die-off had a devastating impact on malnutrition among local pastoralists. Samburu pastoralists arrive with cows at a livestock market, where various animals including camels are traded, in Merille, on September 30, 2025. [AFP] Around 5,000 Somali camels -- a larger and more productive breed than the native herd -- have since been distributed, including 1,000 in the last year. Camels for every family Lolpusike, who previously knew nothing about camels, received some in 2023. In his manyatta -- a hamlet of rectangular huts nestled in a shrubby savannah -- a dozen camels lay peacefully chewing dry grass. The goal is for every family in the county to have their own, said village administrator James Lolpusike (no relation). "If the drought persists, the cattle will not be anywhere anymore," he said. Camel herds are at high risk of disease that could lead to losses. But there are clear, positive changes as they become a regular sight in the region, including healthier children, said the village administrator. They are certainly popular in the community, for the fact they can be milked up to five times a day. "Cows are only milked when the grass is green," said Naimalu Lentaka, 40. "Camels... during the dry season, they are still milked, and that's the whole difference." Families now "depend on camels, on those who own them," she added. Racing stars Camel milk and human breast milk have similar nutritional and therapeutic properties, according to a 2022 study by Meru University in Kenya. Camel milk contributes up to half the total nutrient intake during droughts among pastoral communities in the north. The animal is already a star in the region, thanks to a famous endurance race. At the Maralal International Camel Derby in late September, around 40 camels frolicked before a cheering crowd. The winner covered 21 kilometres (13 miles), the equivalent of a half-marathon, in one hour and 22 minutes. But organisers said the event -- whose theme was "peaceful cultural interactions" -- was primarily about bringing together communities that used to fight over resources, since, among their many virtues, camels are also a symbol of peace. Moving cattle herds to more fertile areas during the dry season can spark conflict between herders that have claimed hundreds of lives over the years. Camels are happy to stay where they are. Even this hardy animal needs some water, however, so locals still pray for rain. "We only pray the situation doesn't get worse," said James Lolpusike.

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