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Explainer: Rules of proof - How World Athletics bodies prove an athlete is doping

FILE - In this May 24, 2016 file photo an employee of Russia's national drug-testing laboratory holds a vial in Moscow, Russia (AP Photo/Alexander Zemlianichenko, File)

Cases of doping by professional athletes have been on the rise with top names receiving lengthy bans.

Most of the cases lead to athletes getting banned and usually revolve around violation of anti-doping rules.

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