Scheduled for 2027, the Artemis III mission will launch a crew in the Orion spacecraft atop the Space Launch System rocket to test rendezvous and docking capabilities between Orion and commercial spacecraft needed to land astronauts on the Moon.
NASA targets early 2028 for the launch of Artemis IV to lunar orbit, where two crew members will land on the Moon and spend approximately a week near its South Pole, investigating the landforms, rocks and other features around their landing site.
The program envisions humans living beyond Earth's orbit, said Clayton Swope, deputy director of the Aerospace Security Project at the Washington-based Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank.
All roads to the cosmos naturally lead through the Moon, making it ideal for NASA to test new technologies and figure out how to sustain human life far from Earth, thereby preparing for future missions to Mars and beyond, Swope wrote in a commentary on the think tank's website.
It will serve as a jumping-off point for scientific expeditions, he said, adding that lunar infrastructure will serve as a key waystation and transit hub, possibly within decades, like a service plaza on an interstellar toll road for journeys between Earth and beyond.
The Moon is also important because of its natural resources, he said. "Today, transporting the materials needed to support space activities into orbit, let alone to deep space, is expensive. Water ice on the Moon can be broken down and used for a variety of purposes, such as manufacturing propellant."
The Moon contains certain resources that may be valuable enough to extract and bring back to Earth, including rare earth elements used in modern electronics, while helium-3 -- scarce on Earth but abundant on the Moon -- could support future advances in quantum technologies, he added.
Some experts also argue that during a time when Americans are polarised once more, and the United States is at war, the program could offer a rare moment of collective national pride. "Space is one of the few areas that Americans with different political views can enjoy and watch together," Esther Brimmer, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations who specialises in space policy, told the BBC. "The space programme is something that most Americans have grown up with and see as a point of pride," Brimmer added. "It's by and large unifying, in terms of the social impact."