Another cause of AMR is using antibiotics wrongly. According to Ombajo, statistics show that many people use antibiotics to treat colds and flus which are caused by viruses.
"Antibiotics kill bacteria and not viruses, so when you take antibiotics for a sore throat you are making the bacteria in your body to become resistant to drugs such that if you get sick and require antibiotics, it will be hard to treat them," she explains.
Dr Romona Ndanyi, the deputy director of veterinary services in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock reiterates that drug-resistant-pathogens pose a threat to everyone, everywhere. Yet, much more can be done to raise public and stakeholder awareness.
She emphasizes that antibiotics must be used properly even on animals since many of these pathogens could easily end up on our dining tables. According to Dr Romona, there is a period of time you have to wait before you sell or consume the meat or milk from animals that have been treated with antimicrobials.
"Dairy farmers should wait for at least 3 days from the last day that the antimicrobial has been given. Livestock and chicken farmers should stay at least 30 days before selling or consuming the meat," she advices.
Dr. Romona explains that AMR that is transmitted by animals can be prevented by training farmers on food husbandry, and farm hygiene to ensure that animals are properly fed. She adds that people should follow the appropriate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) procedures across all sectors to prevent infections.
"Even the water we give animals should be clean. We should also vaccinate our animals to prevent diseases. Everybody should take action and realize that it is a global health concern. Our political leadership should realize that they are also vulnerable to AMR."
The 2022 Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) report highlights alarming resistance rates among prevalent bacterial pathogens.
Median reported rates in 76 countries of 42% for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli and 35% for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are a major concern. For urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, 1 in 5 cases exhibited reduced susceptibility to standard antibiotics like ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and fluoroquinolones in 2020. This is making it harder to effectively treat common infections.
"For us to be able to tackle AMR, we have to use the one health approach
One Health refers to an integrated, unifying approach that aims to achieve optimal and sustainable health outcomes for people, animals and ecosystems," she says.
According to WHO, Tuberculosis (TB) is also a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most effective first-line TB drugs. Only about 2 in 5 people with drug resistant TB accessed treatment in 2022.
According to Dr. Romona, AMR is a complex problem that requires both sector-specific actions in the human health, food production, animal and environmental sectors, and a coordinated approach across these sectors.
"One Health refers to an integrated, unifying approach that aims to achieve optimal and sustainable health outcomes for people, animals and ecosystems. It recognizes that the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment are closely linked and inter-dependent," says Dr. Romona.
The One Health approach to preventing and controlling AMR brings together stakeholders from relevant sectors to communicate and work together in the design, implementation and monitoring of programmes, policies, legislation and research to mitigate AMR and attain better health and economic outcomes.